Commentary 2
Gold Under the Shadow
老人は杜子春に告げる。夕日の中に立ち、己の影の頭に当たる箇所を夜半に掘ってみよ。車に満載するほどの黄金が埋まっているはずだ、と。言われるがままにした杜子春は、たった一日にして洛陽随一の大富豪に成り上がった。
The old man tells Toshishun: Stand in the evening sun, and in the middle of the night dig at the spot where the head of your shadow falls. There should be enough gold buried there to fill a cart, he says. Doing just as he was told, Toshishun rose in a single day to become the wealthiest man in all Luoyang.
豪邸を構え、連日のように酒宴を張る。それまで路上で出会っても会釈ひとつしなかった者たちが、朝な夕なに押し掛けてくる。ところが三年ほどで金が底を突くと、訪れる者はぱたりと途絶えた。一杯の水を恵んでくれる者さえいない。
He sets himself up in a mansion and holds drinking parties almost day after day. People who until then had not so much as nodded to him when they passed in the street come crowding to his door morning and evening. But when the money ran dry in about three years, the visitors stopped coming all at once. There is not even anyone who will spare him a cup of water.
杜子春は再び門の下に佇み、再び老人に会い、再び巨万の富を得る。そしてまたもや三年ほどで、すべてを失う。三度目に老人が姿を現したとき、杜子春は、金はもう要らぬと固辞した。人間というものに、ほとほと愛想が尽きたというのである。そして老人が仙人であることを看破し、弟子にしてほしいと懇願する。
Toshishun stands once more beneath the gate, meets the old man once more, and once more gains an enormous fortune. And yet again, in about three years, he loses everything. When the old man appeared for the third time, Toshishun firmly declined, saying he wanted no more money. He had, he said, grown utterly sick of human beings. Then, seeing through the old man to the hermit he was, he begs to be taken on as his pupil.
Commentary 3
The Mountain, the Rule, the Cry
老人の名は鉄冠子。峨眉山に住まう仙人であった。鉄冠子は杜子春を山上へ伴い、ただ一つだけ戒めを与える。私が戻るまで、ここに座していよ。いかなることが起ころうとも、断じて声を発してはならぬ。一言でも口を利けば、仙人にはなれぬ。
The old man's name was Tekkanshi. He was a hermit who dwelt on Mount Emei. Tekkanshi leads Toshishun to the mountaintop and gives him only one command. Remain seated here until I return. Whatever may happen, on no account must you utter a sound. If you speak even a single word, you cannot become a hermit.
一人残された杜子春に、虎と白い蛇が襲い掛かる。嵐が吹き荒れ、雷が落ちる。神将に突き殺され、魂は地獄へと堕とされる。閻魔大王の御前で、ありとあらゆる責め苦を受ける。それでもなお、杜子春は一言も発しない。
Left alone, Toshishun is set upon by a tiger and a white snake. A storm rages, and thunderbolts fall. He is run through by a divine general, and his soul is cast down into Hell. Before Enma, the Great King of Hell, he undergoes every torment there is. And still Toshishun does not utter a single word.
すると閻魔大王は、痩せ衰えた二頭の馬を引き立ててこさせた。体こそ馬なれど、その顔は、紛れもなく亡き父母のものであった。鬼どもが鉄の鞭を振るい、二頭を容赦なく打ち据える。杜子春は固く目を閉じる。その時、かすかな声が耳に届いた。心配をおしでない。私たちはどうなっても、お前さえ幸せになれるのなら、それより結構なことはないのだからね。言いたくないことは、黙っておいで。母の声であった。
Then King Enma had two horses, wasted and thin, dragged before him. Though their bodies were those of horses, their faces were unmistakably those of his late father and mother. The demons wield iron whips and beat the two horses down without mercy. Toshishun shuts his eyes tight. At that moment, a faint voice reached his ears. Don't worry. Whatever becomes of us, if only you can be happy, nothing could be better than that. If there is something you do not wish to say, stay silent. It was his mother's voice.
杜子春は戒めも忘れ、馬のもとへ転がるように駆け寄る。その首を両手に抱き、はらはらと涙を落としながら、一声叫んだ。「お母さん」。
Forgetting the command, Toshishun rushes to the horse, almost tumbling as he goes. Holding its neck in his arms, tears streaming down, he cried out a single word: "Mother."
我に返ると、杜子春は、もとの門の下に佇んでいた。仙人にはなれなかった。だが杜子春は、なれなかったことがかえって嬉しいと言う。そしてこれからは、人間らしい、正直な暮らしをするつもりだ、と。
When he came to himself, Toshishun was standing beneath the same gate as before. He had not become a hermit. Yet Toshishun says that, if anything, he is glad he could not. And from now on, he says, he means to live a human, honest life.
Commentary 4
Three Things to Notice
本作の読みどころを、三点挙げたい。
I would like to point out three highlights of this work.
第一に、反復の構造である。富を得ては失うことを二度繰り返し、三度目に杜子春は別の道を選ぶ。山上においても同様である。我が身に加えられる苦痛には幾度でも耐え抜いたにもかかわらず、最後の一つにだけは耐えられなかった。
First, the structure of repetition. Twice he gains a fortune and loses it, and the third time Toshishun chooses a different path. The same holds on the mountain. Although he endured, time after time, the pain inflicted on his own body, the very last one alone he could not endure.
第二に、鉄冠子の一言である。もしお前が黙っていたならば、即座にその命を絶つつもりであった、と。すなわちこの試練においては、声を上げることこそが正解だったのである。沈黙を貫けば仙人になれるという約束そのものが、杜子春を試すための仕掛けにほかならなかった。
Second, a single remark of Tekkanshi's: had you stayed silent, I meant to end your life on the spot. In other words, in this trial, raising his voice was precisely the right answer. The very promise that he could become a hermit by keeping silent to the end was nothing other than a device to test Toshishun.
第三に、典拠との相違である。唐の「杜子春伝」において、主人公は声を発したがゆえに仙人になり損ね、それは惜しむべき挫折として語られる。芥川はこれを逆転させた。声を上げたことを、失敗ではなく、人間たることの証として描いたのである。
Third, the difference from the source. In the Tang "Tale of Du Zichun," the hero fails to become a hermit because he made a sound, and this is told as a setback to be regretted. Akutagawa reversed this. He portrayed raising his voice not as a failure, but as proof of being human.
あなたが杜子春であったなら、あの場面で声を上げたであろうか。
If you were Toshishun, would you have raised your voice in that scene?
Commentary 1
About Toshishun
ある春の日暮れ、唐の都洛陽の西の門の下に、一人の若者が茫然と空を仰いでいた。名は杜子春。かつては富豪の息子であったが、財産を蕩尽し、今宵の寝床さえ覚束ない有様である。そこへ一人の奇妙な老人が現れ、声をかける。「お前は何を考えているのだ」。芥川龍之介の「杜子春」は、この邂逅に端を発する物語である。
One spring evening, under the west gate of Luoyang, capital of Tang China, a young man was gazing vacantly up at the sky. His name was Toshishun. Once the son of a wealthy man, he had squandered his fortune and was in such a state that he could not even be sure of a bed for the night. Just then a strange old man appeared and called out to him: "What are you thinking about?" Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's "Toshishun" is a story that has its origin in this encounter.
発表は1920年、大正九年。児童雑誌「赤い鳥」に掲載された。時に芥川、二十八歳。「蜘蛛の糸」と並び、芥川が年少の読者に向けて著した代表作として、今なお読み継がれている。
It was published in 1920, the ninth year of Taishō, in the children's magazine Akai Tori. Akutagawa was twenty-eight at the time. Along with "The Spider's Thread," it is still read from generation to generation as one of the representative works Akutagawa wrote for young readers.
典拠は、唐代の伝奇「杜子春伝」である。ただし芥川は、その結末に大胆な改変を加えた。いかなる改変であったかは、後ほど述べることにしたい。
Its source is "The Tale of Du Zichun," a tale of the marvelous from the Tang dynasty. Akutagawa, however, made a bold change to its ending. What kind of change it was, I will describe later on.