Grammar Patterns
Grammar patterns found in 銀河鉄道の夜 (Night on the Galactic Railroad, Part 1), with examples from the story. JLPT levels are estimates.
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JLPT N4 estimated
受身(〜られる)
Meaning: Passive voice: the subject receives the action.
Form: Verb passive form(追い上げられる / 沈められる)
In this story
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川だと言われたり、乳の流れたあとだと言われたりしてきた、このぼんやりと白いものは、本当は何でしょう。」
People have called it a river, and they have called it the trail left by flowing milk. But what is this hazy white thing really?"
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次に聞かれたカムパネルラも、立ったまま、やはり答えませんでした。
Campanella, who was asked next, also just stood there and did not answer.
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町は、木の枝やあかりで、すっかりきれいに飾られていました。
The town was beautifully decorated all over with tree branches and lights.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜ようとする
Meaning: "Try to ...; be about to ...".
Form: Verb volitional form + とする(と致す)
In this story
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ジョバンニも手をあげようとして、急いでやめました。
Giovanni started to raise his hand too, then quickly stopped.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜のだ/〜のです
Meaning: Explains a situation or gives the reason behind it ("the thing is ...").
Form: Plain form + のだ / のです(Noun / な-adj + なのだ)
In this story
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あれはみんな星だと、いつか雑誌で読んだのです。
He had once read in a magazine that it was all stars.
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二人は前に、カムパネルラのお父さんの本で、銀河の写真をいっしょに見たのです。
The two of them had once looked at photographs of the Milky Way together, in a book that belonged to Campanella's father.
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そんな悪いことをしたはずがないんだ。」
He can't have done anything bad like that."
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銀河だから光るんだよ。」
It shines because it's the Milky Way."
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ことができる
Meaning: "Can ...; be able to ...".
Form: Verb (dictionary) + ことができる(ことはできない)
In this story
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先生に言われて立ち上がりましたが、はっきり答えることができません。
Called on by the teacher, he stood up, but he could not give a clear answer.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜まま
Meaning: "As it is; still ...": a state continues without changing.
Form: Noun + の / Verb た-form + まま
In this story
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次に聞かれたカムパネルラも、立ったまま、やはり答えませんでした。
Campanella, who was asked next, also just stood there and did not answer.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜はずがない
Meaning: "There is no way ...": the speaker is sure something cannot be true.
Form: Plain form + はずがない(筈はございません)
In this story
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カムパネルラが知らないはずはありません。
There was no way Campanella did not know.
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そんな悪いことをしたはずがないんだ。」
He can't have done anything bad like that."
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜と(発見)
Meaning: "When I did ..., (I found that) ...": what one noticed right after an action.
Form: Verb (plain / polite) + と
In this story
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そう考えると、ジョバンニの目は涙でいっぱいになりました。
At that thought, Giovanni's eyes filled with tears.
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気がつくと、ジョバンニは、ごとごと走る小さな汽車に乗っていました。
When he came to himself, Giovanni was riding on a little train that rattled along.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜と(条件)
Meaning: "When ...; whenever ...; if ...": the second thing always or naturally follows the first.
Form: Verb (dictionary / ない-form) + と
In this story
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「このぼんやりと白い銀河は、大きな望遠鏡で見ると、たくさんの小さな星なのです。
"Seen through a big telescope, this hazy white Milky Way is a great many small stars.
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学校が終わると、同じ組の子どもたちは、カムパネルラを囲んで、今夜の星祭りの相談をしていました。
When school was over, the children in his class gathered around Campanella and made plans for that night's star festival.
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JLPT N5 estimated
〜なさい
Meaning: A command that is softer than the plain command form. Parents and teachers use it to children.
Form: Verb ます-stem + なさい(お + ます-stem + なさい is more polite)
In this story
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今日は銀河のお祭りですから、みなさんは外へ出て、空をよくごらんなさい。」
Today is the festival of the Milky Way, so go outside, everyone, and take a good look at the sky."
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ようと思う
Meaning: "I think I'll ...; I'm going to ...": the speaker's intention.
Form: Verb volitional form + と思う(とおもう)
In this story
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牛乳に入れてあげようと思って。」
I thought I'd put them in your milk."
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜はずだ
Meaning: "Should be ...; I expect ...": the speaker is sure because there is a good reason.
Form: Plain form + はずだ(筈だ)
In this story
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お父さんは、北の海へ漁に出ているはずですが、長い間帰ってきません。
His father was supposed to be away fishing in the northern sea, but he had not come home for a long time.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜てくる
Meaning: Something comes toward the speaker, or a change starts and goes on ("it's getting ...").
Form: Verb て-form + くる
In this story
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お父さんは、北の海へ漁に出ているはずですが、長い間帰ってきません。
His father was supposed to be away fishing in the northern sea, but he had not come home for a long time.
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町のあかりは、まるで海の底のお宮のように見え、子どもたちの歌う声が、かすかに聞こえてきました。
The lights of the town looked just like a palace at the bottom of the sea, and he could faintly hear the children singing.
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JLPT N5 estimated
〜に行く(目的)
Meaning: "Go to do ...": the purpose of going.
Form: Verb ます-stem + に行く
In this story
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ジョバンニは、牛乳を取りに行って、お祭りも見てくると言って、家を出ました。
Giovanni said he would go and get the milk and take a look at the festival too, and left the house.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜たり〜たりする
Meaning: "Do things like ... and ...": gives some examples from several actions.
Form: Verb た-form + り、Verb た-form + り + する
In this story
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子どもたちは、新しい着物を着て、口笛を吹いたり、花火をしたりして、楽しそうに遊んでいます。
The children, in new clothes, were whistling and setting off fireworks and playing happily.
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その小さな窓の中で、たくさんの人が、りんごをむいたり、笑ったりしているのだと考えると、ジョバンニは何とも言えず悲しくなって、また空を見上げました。
When he thought of all the people behind those little windows, peeling apples and laughing, Giovanni felt sadder than he could say, and looked up at the sky again.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜そうだ(様態)
Meaning: "Looks like ...; seems about to ...": based on how something looks or feels.
Form: Verb ます-stem / Adjective stem + そうだ
In this story
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子どもたちは、新しい着物を着て、口笛を吹いたり、花火をしたりして、楽しそうに遊んでいます。
The children, in new clothes, were whistling and setting off fireworks and playing happily.
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カムパネルラは、気の毒そうに、だまって少し笑って、ジョバンニの方を見ていました。
Campanella looked sorry for him and, smiling a little without a word, kept his eyes on Giovanni.
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そう言いながら、カムパネルラは、なぜか少し青い顔をして、どこか苦しそうでした。
As he said this, Campanella for some reason looked a little pale, and somehow in pain.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ので
Meaning: "Because ...; so ...": gives a reason (softer than から).
Form: Plain form + ので(Noun / な-adj + なので)
In this story
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牛乳屋では、年をとった女の人が出てきて、「今はだれもいないので、わかりません。
At the milk shop an old woman came out and said, "There is no one here now, so I can't tell you.
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JLPT N5 estimated
〜てから
Meaning: "After doing ...": one action is finished, and then the next one happens.
Form: Verb て-form + から
In this story
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もう少したってから来てください」と言いました。
Please come back a little later."
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ように(比喩)
Meaning: "Like ...; as if ...": compares something to something else.
Form: Noun + の / Verb (plain) + ように
In this story
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ジョバンニは、その目から逃げるように通りすぎました。
Giovanni went past as if running away from those eyes.
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町のあかりは、まるで海の底のお宮のように見え、子どもたちの歌う声が、かすかに聞こえてきました。
The lights of the town looked just like a palace at the bottom of the sea, and he could faintly hear the children singing.
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紫のりんどうの花が、次から次へと、雨のように目の前を通りすぎていきます。
Purple gentian flowers went past before their eyes one after another, like rain.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ても
Meaning: "Even if ...; no matter ...": the result does not change.
Form: Verb て-form + も
In this story
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けれども、いくら見ていても、空は先生の言ったような、何もない冷たい所だとは思えませんでした。
But however long he looked, he could not think of the sky as the cold, empty place the teacher had described.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜ば〜ほど
Meaning: "The more ..., the more ...": as one thing goes on or grows, another changes with it.
Form: Verb ば-form + the same verb (dictionary form) + ほど
In this story
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見れば見るほど、小さな林や牧場のある野原のように見えるのです。
The more he looked, the more it seemed like a field with little woods and pastures.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ながら
Meaning: "While ...ing": two actions by the same person at the same time.
Form: Verb ます-stem + ながら
In this story
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黄色い電灯のならんだ席で、窓から外を見ながら座っていたのです。
He was sitting in a seat under a row of yellow electric lights, looking out of the window.
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そう言いながら、カムパネルラは、なぜか少し青い顔をして、どこか苦しそうでした。
As he said this, Campanella for some reason looked a little pale, and somehow in pain.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜てしまう
Meaning: Shows that an action is completely finished, often with regret or an unwanted result.
Form: Verb て-form + しまう
In this story
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「みんなはね、ずいぶん走ったけれども、遅れてしまったよ。
"Everyone ran hard, you know, but they were too late.
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ジョバンニも、何かをどこかに忘れてきたような、おかしな気持ちがして、だまってしまいました。
Giovanni, too, had a strange feeling, as if he had forgotten something somewhere, and he fell silent.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜てくれる
Meaning: Someone does something for the speaker (or for the person the story follows).
Form: Verb て-form + くれる
In this story
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けれどもカムパネルラは、すぐに元気になって、円い板のような黒い地図を見せてくれました。
But Campanella soon cheered up and showed him a black map like a round plate.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜だろう(推量)
Meaning: "Probably ...; I bet ...": the speaker's guess (casual form of でしょう).
Form: Plain form + だろう
In this story
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「あれは月夜だろうか。」
"I wonder if that's moonlight."
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JLPT N5 estimated
〜より(比較)
Meaning: "Than ...": the thing something is compared with.
Form: Noun + より
In this story
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天の川の水は、ガラスよりもすきとおって、音もなくどんどん流れていきます。
The water of the Milky Way was clearer than glass, and it flowed on and on without a sound.
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JLPT N2 estimated
〜てたまらない
Meaning: "Unbearably ...; so ... that one can't stand it".
Form: Verb / い-adj て-form + たまらない
In this story
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ジョバンニは、うれしくてたまらなくなって、足をこつこつ鳴らしました。
Giovanni was so happy he could hardly bear it, and tapped his feet on the floor.
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