Grammar Patterns
Grammar patterns found in 竹取物語 (The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, Part 2), with examples from the story. JLPT levels are estimates.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜という(伝聞)
Meaning: "Said to ...; they say ...": passes on what people say without claiming it is true. Common in storytelling.
Form: Plain form + という(+ Noun)
In this story
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石作の皇子には、天竺(今のインド)にあるという、仏さまの石の鉢。
For Prince Ishizukuri: the stone bowl of the Buddha, said to be in Tenjiku (today's India).
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石上のまろたりには、つばめが持っているという子安貝。
For Isonokami no Marotari: the cowrie shell that swallows are said to have.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜という(名前)
Meaning: "Called ...; named ...": gives the name of a person or thing.
Form: Name + という + Noun
In this story
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くらもちの皇子には、東の海の蓬莱という山にあるという、根が銀、茎が金で、白い玉の実がなる木の枝。
For Prince Kuramochi: a branch of a tree said to be on a mountain called Hōrai in the eastern sea, a tree with roots of silver, a stem of gold, and white jewels for fruit.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜かどうか
Meaning: "Whether ... or not": a yes-or-no question inside a sentence.
Form: Plain form + かどうか(Noun / な-adj + かどうか)
In this story
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どれも、本当にあるかどうかもわからないものばかりでした。
They were all things that no one could even be sure really existed.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ばかり(〜だけ)
Meaning: "Only ...; nothing but ...": there is a lot of one thing, or someone does only that one thing.
Form: Noun + ばかり(いたずらばかりする)
In this story
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どれも、本当にあるかどうかもわからないものばかりでした。
They were all things that no one could even be sure really existed.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ことができる
Meaning: "Can ...; be able to ...".
Form: Verb (dictionary) + ことができる(ことはできない)
In this story
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それでも、かぐや姫をあきらめることはできませんでした。
Even so, they could not give up on Kaguya-hime.
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おじいさんはすっかり信じて、「これでもう、ことわることはできませんよ」とかぐや姫に言い、結婚の準備を始めました。
The old man believed it completely, said to Kaguya-hime, "Now you can no longer refuse," and began to prepare for the wedding.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜つもりだ
Meaning: "Intend to ...; plan to ...".
Form: Verb (dictionary / ない-form) + つもりだ
In this story
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石作の皇子は、はじめから天竺へ行くつもりはありませんでした。
Prince Ishizukuri never intended to go to Tenjiku, right from the start.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜ふりをする
Meaning: "Pretend to ...".
Form: Verb (plain) / Noun + の + ふりをする
In this story
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天竺へ行くふりをして三年待ち、大和の国の山寺にあった、すすで真っ黒になった古い鉢を持ってきたのです。
He pretended to go to Tenjiku and waited three years, and then he brought an old bowl, black with soot, that had been in a mountain temple in the land of Yamato.
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船で海へ出かけるふりをして、三日後にこっそり帰ってきました。
He pretended to set out to sea by ship, and three days later he secretly came back.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜のだ/〜のです
Meaning: Explains a situation or gives the reason behind it ("the thing is ...").
Form: Plain form + のだ / のです(Noun / な-adj + なのだ)
In this story
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天竺へ行くふりをして三年待ち、大和の国の山寺にあった、すすで真っ黒になった古い鉢を持ってきたのです。
He pretended to go to Tenjiku and waited three years, and then he brought an old bowl, black with soot, that had been in a mountain temple in the land of Yamato.
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「竜を殺そうとしたから、神さまがおこっているのだ」と、みゆきは泣きながらいのりました。
"The gods are angry because I tried to kill the dragon," Miyuki prayed, weeping.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜(の)なら
Meaning: "If (that is the case) ...": takes up what the other person said or what the situation is.
Form: Plain form + (の)なら / Noun + なら
In this story
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けれども、本物の仏さまの鉢なら、光っているはずです。
But if it were the real bowl of the Buddha, it should be shining.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜はずだ
Meaning: "Should be ...; I expect ...": the speaker is sure because there is a good reason.
Form: Plain form + はずだ(筈だ)
In this story
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けれども、本物の仏さまの鉢なら、光っているはずです。
But if it were the real bowl of the Buddha, it should be shining.
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「本物の火ねずみの皮衣なら、火に入れても焼けないはずです」と、かぐや姫は言いました。
"If it is the real fire-rat's fur robe, it should not burn even if we put it in the fire," said Kaguya-hime.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ようになる
Meaning: "Come to ...; reach the point where ...": a change that happens over time.
Form: Verb (dictionary / ない-form) + ようになる
In this story
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このことから、ずうずうしいことを「恥を捨てる」と言うようになったと言われています。
It is said that this is why people came to call shameless behavior "throwing away one's shame."
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このことから、がんばったのに何にもならないことを「かいがない」と言うようになったとも言われています。
It is also said that this is why people came to say kai ga nai when hard work comes to nothing.
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JLPT N4 estimated
受身(〜られる)
Meaning: Passive voice: the subject receives the action.
Form: Verb passive form(追い上げられる / 沈められる)
In this story
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このことから、ずうずうしいことを「恥を捨てる」と言うようになったと言われています。
It is said that this is why people came to call shameless behavior "throwing away one's shame."
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阿倍のみうしは喜んで、言われたとおりにお金を送りました。
Abe no Miushi was delighted and sent the money just as he was told.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜てくる
Meaning: Something comes toward the speaker, or a change starts and goes on ("it's getting ...").
Form: Verb て-form + くる
In this story
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船で海へ出かけるふりをして、三日後にこっそり帰ってきました。
He pretended to set out to sea by ship, and three days later he secretly came back.
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JLPT N4 estimated
使役(〜せる/させる)
Meaning: Causative: to make or let someone do something.
Form: Verb causative form(坐らせる / やめさせる)
In this story
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そして、腕のいい職人たちを集めて、人の来ない家にかくれ、千日かけて玉の枝を作らせたのです。
Then he gathered skilled craftsmen, hid in a house where no one came, and had them spend a thousand days making the jeweled branch.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ように(比喩)
Meaning: "Like ...; as if ...": compares something to something else.
Form: Noun + の / Verb (plain) + ように
In this story
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皇子は、長い旅をしてきたような顔でかぐや姫の家へ行き、旅の話を次から次へと語りました。
Looking as if he had been on a long journey, the prince went to Kaguya-hime's house and told one story after another about his travels.
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やっと浜にたどり着いたとき、みゆきは病気になっていて、目はすももを二つつけたようにはれていました。
When he finally reached the shore, Miyuki had fallen ill, and his eyes were swollen as if two plums had been stuck on them.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜そうだ(様態)
Meaning: "Looks like ...; seems about to ...": based on how something looks or feels.
Form: Verb ます-stem / Adjective stem + そうだ
In this story
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「海では何度も嵐にあい、船がしずみそうになりました。
"At sea I ran into storms again and again, and the ship nearly sank.
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雷が鳴り、船は今にもしずみそうです。
Thunder roared, and the ship seemed about to sink at any moment.
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JLPT N5 estimated
〜たことがある
Meaning: "Have ...ed (before); there were times when ...": an experience in the past. With も: "there were even times when ...".
Form: Verb た-form + ことがある(こともある)
In this story
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鬼のようなものにおそわれたこともありました。
There were even times when I was attacked by something like a demon.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜てしまう
Meaning: Shows that an action is completely finished, often with regret or an unwanted result.
Form: Verb て-form + しまう
In this story
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かぐや姫は、だまって考えこんでしまいました。
Kaguya-hime fell silent, lost in thought.
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ところが、火に入れると、皮衣はあっという間にめらめらと燃えてしまいました。
But when it was put in the fire, the robe blazed up and burned away in an instant.
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まろたりは、そのまま重い病気になって、亡くなってしまいました。
Marotari fell seriously ill after that and died.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜のに
Meaning: "Although ...; even though ...": the result is not what one would expect, often with disappointment or complaint.
Form: Plain form + のに(Noun / な-adj + なのに)
In this story
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「千日も働いたのに、まだお金をもらっていません。」
"We worked for a thousand days, and yet we still haven't been paid."
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このことから、がんばったのに何にもならないことを「かいがない」と言うようになったとも言われています。
It is also said that this is why people came to say kai ga nai when hard work comes to nothing.
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JLPT N2 estimated
〜てたまらない
Meaning: "Unbearably ...; so ... that one can't stand it".
Form: Verb / い-adj て-form + たまらない
In this story
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皇子は恥ずかしくてたまらず、山の奥へ入ったまま、帰ってきませんでした。
The prince was so ashamed he could not bear it; he went deep into the mountains and never came back.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜まま
Meaning: "As it is; still ...": a state continues without changing.
Form: Noun + の / Verb た-form + まま
In this story
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皇子は恥ずかしくてたまらず、山の奥へ入ったまま、帰ってきませんでした。
The prince was so ashamed he could not bear it; he went deep into the mountains and never came back.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜てもらう
Meaning: "Have someone do ...; get someone to do ...": someone does something for you (or for the person the story follows).
Form: Verb て-form + もらう
In this story
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唐の国の商人に手紙とたくさんのお金を送り、火ねずみの皮衣をさがしてもらいました。
He sent a letter and a great deal of money to a merchant in the land of Tang and had him look for the fire-rat's fur robe.
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石上のまろたりは、つばめの巣が台所の屋根の下にあると聞いて、かごに乗り、綱で高いところまで引き上げてもらいました。
Isonokami no Marotari heard that there was a swallow's nest under the kitchen roof, so he got into a basket and had himself pulled up high on a rope.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜とおり(に)
Meaning: "Just as ...; exactly as ...".
Form: Verb た-form / Noun + の + とおり(通り)
In this story
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阿倍のみうしは喜んで、言われたとおりにお金を送りました。
Abe no Miushi was delighted and sent the money just as he was told.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ても
Meaning: "Even if ...; no matter ...": the result does not change.
Form: Verb て-form + も
In this story
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「本物の火ねずみの皮衣なら、火に入れても焼けないはずです」と、かぐや姫は言いました。
"If it is the real fire-rat's fur robe, it should not burn even if we put it in the fire," said Kaguya-hime.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜と(発見)
Meaning: "When I did ..., (I found that) ...": what one noticed right after an action.
Form: Verb (plain / polite) + と
In this story
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ところが、火に入れると、皮衣はあっという間にめらめらと燃えてしまいました。
But when it was put in the fire, the robe blazed up and burned away in an instant.
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手の中を見ると、それは子安貝ではなく、つばめの古いふんでした。
When he looked in his hand, it was not a cowrie shell but old swallow droppings.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜てはならない
Meaning: "Must not ...": a strong, formal way to forbid something (stiffer than 〜てはいけない).
Form: Verb て-form + はならない
In this story
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取ってくるまで、帰ってきてはならない」と命じました。
Do not come back until you have it," he ordered.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ために(目的)
Meaning: "In order to ...; for ...": the purpose of an action.
Form: Verb (dictionary) / Noun + の + ために
In this story
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そして、かぐや姫をむかえるために、家を美しくかざりはじめました。
Then he began to decorate his house beautifully in order to welcome Kaguya-hime.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜始める
Meaning: "Begin to ...; start ...ing".
Form: Verb ます-stem + 始める(はじめる)
In this story
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そして、かぐや姫をむかえるために、家を美しくかざりはじめました。
Then he began to decorate his house beautifully in order to welcome Kaguya-hime.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜がる
Meaning: Shows that someone else feels something, seen from outside: "(he) is afraid of ...; (she) wants ...".
Form: い-adjective stem / な-adjective + がる(怖い → 怖がる)
In this story
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けれども家来たちは、竜をこわがって、どこかへにげてしまいました。
But the servants were afraid of the dragon and ran off somewhere.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜きれない
Meaning: "Cannot ... completely; cannot finish ...ing": there is too much, or it is too hard to do to the end.
Form: Verb ます-stem + きれない(切れない)
In this story
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待ちきれなくなった大伴のみゆきは、自分で船に乗って海へ出ました。
Ōtomo no Miyuki, who could wait no longer, got on a ship himself and went out to sea.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜ようとする
Meaning: "Try to ...; be about to ...".
Form: Verb volitional form + とする(と致す)
In this story
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「竜を殺そうとしたから、神さまがおこっているのだ」と、みゆきは泣きながらいのりました。
"The gods are angry because I tried to kill the dragon," Miyuki prayed, weeping.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ながら
Meaning: "While ...ing": two actions by the same person at the same time.
Form: Verb ます-stem + ながら
In this story
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「竜を殺そうとしたから、神さまがおこっているのだ」と、みゆきは泣きながらいのりました。
"The gods are angry because I tried to kill the dragon," Miyuki prayed, weeping.
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JLPT N4 estimated
可能形(〜られる)
Meaning: Potential form: "can ...; be able to ...".
Form: Verb potential form(生きられる / 読める)
In this story
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巣に手を入れると、何かかたいものがつかめました。
When he put his hand into the nest, he was able to grab something hard.
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JLPT N3 estimated
〜たとたん(に)
Meaning: "The moment ...; just as ...": something unexpected happens right after.
Form: Verb た-form + とたん(に)
In this story
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「子安貝を取ったぞ」と喜んだとたん、綱が切れて、まろたりは下に落ちてしまいました。
The moment he cheered, "I've got the cowrie shell!", the rope broke, and Marotari fell to the ground.
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JLPT N4 estimated
〜ので
Meaning: "Because ...; so ...": gives a reason (softer than から).
Form: Plain form + ので(Noun / な-adj + なので)
In this story
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貝がなかったので「かいがない」。
There was no shell (kai), so it was kai ga nai, "all for nothing."
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